Historic footage of one of the bloodiest battles of World War II – which saw the iconic image of US Marines planting the Stars and Stripes on a mountain top – has been released to mark its 75th anniversary.
Almost 7,000 American troops lost their lives in the Battle of Iwo Jima along with nearly all the 21,000 Japanese soldiers defending the Pacific island in February 1945.
It was the first piece of Japanese soil captured by the Allies and is perhaps most remembered for the photo of Marines planting the US flag atop Mount Suribachi – one of the most iconic images from the war.
But that photograph is far from the only image of the bloodiest fight in Marine Corps history.
The University of South Carolina’s Moving Image Research Collections in a partnership with the History Division of the Marine Corps is digitizing films shot by more than 50 Marine combat cameramen who operated across the 8-square-mile island of Iwo Jima during the 36-day battle.
The goal is to provide public access to the video and expand historical understanding, said Greg Wilsbacher, the university’s curator of newsfilm and military collections.
Two Marines kneel with a dog before a grave marker as they honor almost 7,000 troops that lost their lives in the battle
Almost 7,000 American troops lost their lives in the Battle of Iwo Jima along with nearly all the 21,000 Japanese soldiers defending the Pacific island in February 1945
The University of South Carolina’s Moving Image Research Collections in a partnership with the History Division of the Marine Corps is digitizing films shot by more than 50 Marine combat cameramen
The goal is to provide public access to the video and expand historical understanding, said Greg Wilsbacher, the university’s curator of newsfilm and military collections
He said the footage was just as ’emotionally affecting’ as the iconic photo of the troops planting the Stars and Stripes.
He said: ‘It can even bring Americans alive today closer to a war that ended in the middle of the last century.
‘Take for instance, just one scene, two Marines kneel with a dog before a grave marker.
‘It is in the final frames of a film documenting the dedication of one of the three cemeteries on the island.
‘Those two Marines are among hundreds present to remember the more than 6,000 Americans killed on the island in over a month of fighting.
‘The sequence is intentionally framed by the cinematographer, who was clearly looking for the right image to end the roll of film in his camera.’
Almost 7,000 American troops lost their lives in the Battle of Iwo Jima along with nearly all the 21,000 Japanese soldiers defending the Pacific island in February 1945
More than 6,800 Americans were killed on the island and on ships and landing craft aiding in the attack; more than 19,200 were wounded
The University of South Carolina’s Moving Image Research Collections in a partnership with the History Division of the Marine Corps is digitizing films shot by more than 50 Marine combat cameramen
Wilsbacher said he came across the clip while going through thousands of hours of footage shot by Marine Corps photographers from World War II through the 1970s.
He said: ‘Over the past two years of scanning, I have come to realize that our work also enables a more powerful relationship with the past by fostering individual connections with videos, something that the digitizing of the large quantity of footage makes possible.’
Iwo Jima, an island in the western Pacific less than 1,000 miles south of Tokyo, was considered a key potential stepping stone toward an invasion of Japan itself.
During the battle to take the island from the Japanese, more than 70,000 Marines and attached Army and Navy personnel set foot on Iwo Jima.
That included combat soldiers, but also medical corpsmen, chaplains, service and supply soldiers and others.
More than 6,800 Americans were killed on the island and on ships and landing craft aiding in the attack; more than 19,200 were wounded.
More than 50 Marine combat cameramen operated across the eight square miles of Iwo Jima during the battle, which stretched from Feb. 19 to March 26, 1945.
Many shot still images, but at least 26 shot motion pictures. Three of these Marine cinematographers were killed in action.
Even before the battle began, Marine Corps leaders knew they wanted a comprehensive visual account of the battle.
More than 6,800 Americans were killed on ships and landing craft aiding in the attack; more than 19,200 were wounded
More than 50 Marine combat cameramen operated across the eight square miles of Iwo Jima during the battle
Beyond a historical record, combat photography from Iwo Jima would assist in planning and training for the invasion of the Japanese main islands.
Some Marine cameramen were assigned to the front lines of individual units, and others to specific activities, like engineering and medical operations.
Most of the cameramen on Iwo Jima used 100-foot film reels that could capture about two and a half minutes of film.
Sgt. Genaust, who shot the color sequence atop Suribachi, shot at least 25 reels – just over an hour of film – before he was killed, roughly halfway through the campaign.
Other cameramen who survived the entire battle produced significantly more. Sgt. Francis Cockrell was assigned to document the work of the 5th Division’s medical activities. Shooting at least 89 reels, he probably produced almost four hours of film.
Sgt. Louis L. Louft fought with the 13th Marines, an artillery regiment; his more than 100 film reels likely resulted in more than four hours of content.
Landing on the beach with engineers of the 4th Division on Feb. 25, 1945, Pfc. Angelo S. Abramo compiled over three hours of material in the month of fighting he witnessed.
At least 26 combat cameramen shot motion pictures while the rest shot still images. Three of the Marine cinematographers were killed in action
More than 50 Marine combat cameramen operated across the eight square miles of Iwo Jima during the battle
Even taking a conservative average of an hour of film from each of the 26 combat cameramen, that suggests there was at least 24 hours of unique film from the battle.
Many surviving elements of this record are now part of the film library of the Marine Corps History Division, which we’re working with. The remainder are cataloged by the National Archives and Records Administration.
While military historians visiting the History Division in the past have used this large library, the bulk of its films have not been readily available to the public, something that mass digitization is finally making possible.
For many decades, the visual records made by Marines have been seen by the public only piecemeal, often with selected portions used as mere stock footage in films, documentaries and news programs, chosen because a shot has action, not because of the historical context of the imagery.
Even when they are used responsibly by documentary filmmakers, the editing and selection of scenes imposes the filmmaker’s interpretation on the images.
Wilsbacher said: ‘As a historian and archivist, though, I believe it is important for people to directly engage with historical sources of all types, including the films from Iwo Jima.’
After the battle, the Americans buried their dead in temporary cemeteries, awaiting transportation back to the U.S. The film segment just before the graveside scene shows a service honoring the Americans of all backgrounds who had bled and died together.
At that service, Rabbi Roland B. Gittelsohn, the Marines’ first-ever Jewish chaplain, gave a eulogy that has become one of the Marine Corps’ most treasured texts. Noting the diversity of the dead, Gittelsohn said, ‘Here lie officers and men, Negroes and whites, rich men and poor … together. Here are Protestants, Catholics, and Jews together. Here no man prefers another because of his faith or despises him because of his color.’
At least 24 hours of footage was captured by cameramen from the Marines during the battle in February 1945
More than 50 Marine combat cameramen operated across the eight square miles of Iwo Jima during the battle
Gittelsohn called their collective sacrifice ‘the highest and purest democracy.’
After the dedication ceremonies, Marines walked the 5th Division cemetery, looking for familiar names. The photographers were there, and one recorded the footage of the two Marines – names not known – and the dog, at a grave with only the number 322 as a visible marking.
Wilsbacher said: ‘The image stood out. The two Marines looking directly at the camera seemed to reach across the decades to compel a response.
‘Researchers at the History Division identified the Marine beneath marker 322 as Pfc. Ernest Langbeen from Chicago.
‘It felt appropriate and important to add his name to the online description for that film, so I did.
‘I then located members of the Langbeen family, and told them that this part of their family’s history existed in the History Division’s collections and was now preserved and available online after more than seven decades.
‘Speaking with the family, I learned more about the Marine in grave 322.
‘One of the two Marines in the picture may well be his best friend from before the war, a friend who joined the Corps with him.
‘They asked to serve together and were assigned to the same unit, the 13th Regiment.
‘Now, family members who never knew this Marine have a new connection to their history and the country’s history. More connections will come for others.
‘The digital archive we’re building will make it easier for researchers and the public at large to explore the military and personal history in each frame of every film.
‘The visual library of more than 80 online videos from Iwo Jima carries in it countless Pfc. Langbeens, ordinary Americans whose lives were disrupted by a global war. Each film holds traces of lives cut short or otherwise irrevocably altered.
‘The films are a reminder that, 75 years after World War II, all Americans remain tied to Iwo Jima, as well as battlegrounds across the world like Monte Cassino, Peleliu, Bataan and Colleville-sur-mer.
‘Americans may find their relatives in this footage, or they may not.
‘But what they will find is evidence of the sacrifices made by those fighting on their behalf, sacrifices that connect each and every American to the battle of Iwo Jima.’
The photo of Marines planting the US flag atop Mount Suribachi after the Battle of Iwo Jima in February 1945 is one of the most iconic images from World War II