The risk of obesity giving people cancer may be ‘considerably underestimated’, a study has warned.
Being fat may actually be more than twice as dangerous as previously thought when it comes to certain forms of the disease.
And excess weight is second only to smoking when it comes to avoidable cancer-causing lifestyles.
Bowel, kidney, pancreatic, ovarian, endometrial and oesophageal cancer are all now thought to be more affected by obesity than earlier estimates.
Experts said the study showed being severely overweight has ‘devastating effects’ and the NHS warned many people still don’t understand its risks.
Obesity is known to cause more than a dozen types of cancer because fat stimulates the release of hormones which encourage cells to multiply more often, raising the risk of tumours developing (stock image)
Chief executive of the NHS, Simon Stevens, said: ‘While cancer survival is at a record high, many people don’t yet realise that obesity causes cancer.
‘And now there is evidence that it’s a graver danger than first thought.
‘If we continue to pile on the pounds, we’re heading for thousands more avoidable cancer deaths every year.
‘The NHS… is playing its part but we cannot reverse the costly obesity epidemic alone, and families, food businesses and government all need step up and take action.’
The research, led by the France-based International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) looked at how genetic measures of body weight affected cancer risk.
It focused on seven forms of the disease – the six named above and breast cancer – which are thought to cause 80 per cent of obesity-related cancers in the UK.
For many of them, the risk increase was around double what it had previously been thought to be, and for two it was multiplied by more than four times.
Previous estimates had been based on measures of someone’s height-to-weight ratio – their BMI – while the new predictions were based on genetic markers of obesity.
These sections of DNA, the scientists said, gave a more accurate picture of obesity over someone’s lifetime rather than at a single point in time.
And they showed the risk for kidney cancer, for example, rose from a 30 per cent increase to a 59 per cent increase.
It’s important to note the figures are for relative risk, so an increase on the risk a healthy weight person has, and do not suggest that 59 per cent of obese people get kidney cancer.
The risk rose from 50 per cent to 106 per cent for endometrial cancer, from 6 per cent to 13 per cent for ovarian cancer and from 48 per cent to 110 per cent for cancer of the oesophagus.
For pancreatic cancer the obesity risk increase changed from 10 per cent to 47 per cent, and for bowel cancer it rocketed from 5 per cent to 44 per cent.
‘Our analysis of genetic data for six of eight obesity-linked cancers indicated that the cancer burden associated with BMI may be considerably underestimated,’ the researchers, led by Dr Daniela Mariosa, wrote.
They added: ‘These estimates would also make excessive body fatness the second most important cause of cancer in high-income countries, after tobacco.’
Obesity is known to make people more likely to get 13 types of cancer.
These include breast, bowel, womb, oesophageal, pancreatic, kidney, liver, stomach, gallbladder, ovarian, thyroid and brain cancers, as well as myeloma.
According to Cancer Research UK, fat cells send out signals which encourage other cells in the body to divide more often, which may lead to tumours forming.
Fat acts like a giant gland and increases levels of hormones such as oestrogen and insulin, which promote extra growth, CRUK said, as well as causing internal swelling.
Commenting on the IARC study, the Royal College of Physicians added to recent calls for obesity to be classified as a disease.
Its president, Professor Andrew Goddard, said: ‘This analysis offers yet further evidence of the potentially devastating impact of obesity.
‘Obesity is a chronic progressive disease with a wide range of damaging effects on the body.
‘It not only increases the risk of cancer, but often leads to other health complications such as type 2 diabetes, infertility, [heart] disease, liver disease and osteoarthritis.
‘With effective treatment these complications can be improved or reversed.
‘But if we’re to succeed in reducing the soaring rates of obesity in this country, we must recognise that it is not a lifestyle choice caused by individual greed but a disease caused by health inequalities, genetic influences and social factors.’
The RCP said the Government should make healthy food and exercise facilities widely available to the public to help them help themselves.
The IARC research was published in the International Journal of Epidemiology.
OBESITY ‘IS THE NEW SMOKING AND WILL SEND CANCER RATES ROCKETING’
NHS England’s chief executive, Simon Stevens, has said he expects obesity-related cancer cases to double by 2035 because so many people are fat.
In 2015 there were 22,800 cancer diagnoses linked to patients’ weights and he expects this to rocket to 40,800 in just 16 years’ time.
‘While cancer survival is at a record high, many people don’t yet realise that obesity causes cancer,’ Mr Stevens warned in May.
‘On current trends, by 2030 we could see 100 new patients every day being diagnosed with obesity-related cancer.
Simon Stevens, the NHS’s chief executive, said not enough people understand that being obese leads to cancer
‘So obesity is the new smoking, and if we continue to pile on the pounds, we’re heading for thousands more avoidable cancer deaths every year.’
Some 64 per cent of adults in the UK are overweight or obese, alongside almost a third of children.
As well as a raised risk of cancer, being fat also makes people more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, heart disease, joint problems or have a stroke.
Harvard University expert Dr Jennifer Ligibel said: ‘Obesity is now one of the greatest challenges facing the world.
‘The US has higher levels of obesity but the UK is catching up. It is very troubling.
‘We are making major advances in cancer therapies and treatment, but the risk is that obesity could undercut all of this.’