A window into the cosmic dawn: NASA’s James Webb telescope finds the most distant galaxy in the universe that existed just 300 million years after the Big Bang

NASA’s James Webb telescope has found the most distant galaxy in the universe. 

Called JADES-GS-z14-0, the galaxy’s light has taken around 13.5 billion years to reach us – so the light started its journey just 300 million years after the Big Bang.

The newly-found galaxy measures 1,600 light years across – meaning light takes 1,600 years to travel from one end of it to the other. 

Experts say JADES-GS-z14-0 is ‘remarkable for how big and bright it is’, with vast amounts of light being produced by its young stars. 

The $10 billion James Webb telescope – which can ‘see back in time’ – has also found the second-most-distant galaxy in the universe, called JADES-GS-z14-1. 

Brant Robertson, astronomer at University of California, Santa Cruz and co-author of a new study, called the discovery ‘completely unanticipated’. 

‘It is likely to be seen as the most significant extragalactic discovery with the James Webb space telescope to date,’ he said.  

‘This galaxy [JADES-GS-z14-0] is truly a gem, and it points at more hidden treasures in the early universe.’

James Webb telescope is often described as being able to ‘see back in time’, and although it sounds fantastical, it really is true.

Because the universe is so vast, light from one galaxy can take billions of years to reach another galaxy. 

When the light from a distant galaxy finally reaches us, the light reveals a ‘snapshot’ of the galaxy as it appeared as it started its journey billions of years ago. 

In this case, the light from JADES-GS-z14-0 – newly detected by the James Webb telescope – started its journey around 13.5 billion years ago, co-author Francesco D’Eugenio, astrophysicist at the University of Cambridge, told MailOnline. 

At the time, the distance between JADES-GS-z14-0 and when our galaxy (the Milky Way) would eventually form was only 2 billion light years. 

Webb’s infrared capabilities allow it to ‘see back in time’ to the Big Bang, which happened 13.8 billion years ago. Light waves move extremely fast, about 186,000 miles (300,000 km) per second, every second. The further away an object is, the further back in time we are looking. This is because of the time it takes light to travel from the object to us

But because the universe has since greatly expanded, the distance between JADES-GS-z14-0 is now more like 34 billion years. 

By the time light from the most distant galaxies reaches Earth, it has been stretched by the expansion of the universe and shifted to the infrared region of the light spectrum, which Webb is equipped to detect with unprecedented clarity. 

Astronomers first spotted JADES-GS-z14-0 in early 2023, but they needed further observations to be sure it really was a record-breaker rather than a ‘confounding oddball’.

JADES-GS-z14-0 comfortably beats the previous record for oldest known galaxy, which was held by JADES-GS-z13-0 that was present 320 million years after the Big Bang.

Galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 existed just 300 million years after the big bang (which happened around 13.8 billion years ago)

The James Webb Space Telescope orbits the Sun, 1 million miles away from the Earth at what is called the second Lagrange point or L2

Over the last two years, scientists have used James Webb to explore what astronomers refer to as ‘cosmic dawn’ – the period in the first few hundred million years after the big bang where the first galaxies were born.

These galaxies provide vital insight into the ways in which the gas, stars, and black holes were changing when the universe was very young

Since coming online in 2022, the Webb telescope has ushered in a new era of scientific breakthroughs, peering farther than ever before into the universe’s distant reaches.

The James Webb Telescope: NASA’s $10 billion telescope is designed to detect light from the earliest stars and galaxies

The James Webb telescope has been described as a ‘time machine’ that could help unravel the secrets of our universe.

The telescope will be used to look back to the first galaxies born in the early universe more than 13.5 billion years ago, and observe the sources of stars, exoplanets, and even the moons and planets of our solar system.

The vast telescope, which has already cost more than $7 billion (£5 billion), is considered a successor to the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope

The James Webb Telescope and most of its instruments have an operating temperature of roughly 40 Kelvin – about minus 387 Fahrenheit (minus 233 Celsius).

It is the world’s biggest and most powerful orbital space telescope, capable of peering back 100-200 million years after the Big Bang.

The orbiting infrared observatory is designed to be about 100 times more powerful than its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope.

NASA likes to think of James Webb as a successor to Hubble rather than a replacement, as the two will work in tandem for a while. 

The Hubble telescope was launched on April 24, 1990, via the space shuttle Discovery from Kennedy Space Centre in Florida.

It circles the Earth at a speed of about 17,000mph (27,300kph) in low Earth orbit at about 340 miles in altitude.