Self-decapitating SEA SLUGS sever their own heads and regenerate a whole new body

Self-decapitating sea slugs can sever their own HEADS and then regenerate a whole new body – and scientists have no idea how or why

Scientists saw the behaviour in two species of sacoglossan sea slug
The detached head regrows another body, but the body does not regrow a head
Young sea slugs start wriggling and eating straight after decapitation, regrow a heart a week later and the process is completed in a total of three weeks
The reason for the unusual adaptation remains unclear, but scientists suggest it may allow the slugs to remove internal parasites that affect reproduction

By Joe Pinkstone For Mailonline

Published: 16:00 GMT, 8 March 2021 | Updated: 17:10 GMT, 8 March 2021

The idea of an animal cutting off its own head before regenerating a whole new body may sound like the plot of the latest science fiction blockbuster, but for two species of sea slug, it’s a gruesome reality.

Scientists in Japan have discovered two species of sacolossan sea slug that can regrow an entire body in just three weeks.

The startled team observed the bizarre behaviour by pure chance, and have no idea how, or why, the animal does this.

The self-decapitation may allow the slugs to remove internal parasites that affect reproduction, although scientists say that further research is needed to prove this.

Japanese scientists stumbled across the bizarre autotomy behaviour in two species of sacoglossan sea slug and have no idea how, or why, the animal does this. Pictured, a head which is wriggling (left) after being severed from the body (right)

Pictured, a step-by-step breakdown of how a sea slug severs its head and regrows its body. A, the head and body just after autotomy (day 0), with the heart remaining in body section (arrow); B, day 7; C, day 14; D, day 22

Other examples of autotomy

Sea slug self-decapitation is arguably the most extreme example of autotomy —loss of a body part — in the animal kingdom.

However, other animals have also developed the ability to a lesser extent.

For example, most iguanid lizards undergo tail autotomy as a defensive strategy.

When a predator grabs the tail, it breaks off and wiggles violently for a few minutes.

Some snakes also can shed their tail.

Salamanders do and are able to grow a new one. Not all lizards have this regenerative ability, however, such as the crested gecko.

African spiny mice are the only known mammals to exhibit autotony.

They have spines, like a hedgehog, opposed to fur and can shed their skin in chunks, as a tool to avoid predation.

Young slugs’ heads begin wriggling immediately after they are spliced from their bodies, with the wound quickly healing.

Within hours of the traumatic event, the slug heads start eating algae.

Amazingly, it takes just a week for their hearts to regenerate, and three weeks for their entire body to reform.

While the heads of the sea slugs develop a new body, the discarded bodies are incapable of creating a new head.

This process appears to slow with time, with older slugs unable to regenerate, and dying as a result of the decapitation.

Professor Yoichi Yusa and PhD candidate Sayaka Mitoh of the Nara Women’s University in Japan came across the phenomenon by pure chance.

The Yusa Lab normally studies sea slugs from egg to death to learn about their life cycle and traits.

One day, the team spotted a body-less head moving around the tank and started investigating the weird trait.

To understand what was going on, the team set about cutting the heads off some sea slugs using an ultra-thin nylon wire.

‘We were surprised to see the head moving just after autotomy,’ said Mitoh.

‘We thought that it would die soon without a heart and other important organs, but we were surprised again to find that it regenerated the whole body.’

Young slugs that lose their heads start moving following autotomy — the parting of head and body — are better at the process than older sea slugs. The head wriggles immediately after being detached from the shackles of the rest of its body

Their paper, published today in Cell Press, provides details, timings and video of the event but is unable to explain how the animals manage the remarkable feat.

The researchers believe the slugs may have stem cell-like tissues at the site of the cut which can develop into any other cell the slug needs.

These would therefore be able to form the heart and body after separation.

The authors speculate that while the slugs wait for their organs to redevelop they may survive by using the photosynthetic ability of the algae they eat, a trait known as kleptoplasty.

Another mystery is why the sea slugs evolved this highly unusual behaviour in the first place.

One suggested reason is that it may allow the slugs to remove internal parasites that affect reproduction. Other conundrums include what prompts the animals to discard their bodies.

These findings mark a new form of autotomy in the animal kingdom, building on other famous examples, including in newts and lizards.

WHAT CAUSES SPECIES TO REGENERATE?

All organisms, including humans, have the ability to regenerate to a degree, but the process is much more developed in many invertebrates such as earthworms and starfish.

These animals can grow new heads, tails and other body parts when injured.

Scientists don’t know why mammals don’t have the same ability, but they do regenerate skin, muscle and blood.

Every multicellular organism is built from a single cell, which divides into two identical cells, then four, and so on.

Each of these cells contains the exact same twisted strands of DNA, and is considered pluripotent – meaning it can give rise to all possible cell types in the body.

But somewhere along the way, those starter cells – known as embryonic stem cells – resign themselves to a different fate and become skin cells, heart cells, muscle cells, or another cell type.

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